Abstract
Cancer cells upregulate glycolysis, increasing glucose uptake to meet energy needs. A small fraction of a cell's glucose enters the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP), which regulates levels of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), a carbohydrate posttranslational modification of diverse nuclear and cytosolic proteins. We discovered that breast cancer cells upregulate the HBP, including increased O-GlcNAcation and elevated expression of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), which is the enzyme catalyzing the addition of O-GlcNAc to proteins. Reduction of O-GlcNAcation through RNA interference of OGT in breast cancer cells leads to inhibition of tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo and is associated with decreased cell-cycle progression and increased expression of the cell-cycle inhibitor p27Kip1. Elevation of p27Kip1 was associated with decreased expression and activity of the oncogenic transcription factor FoxM1, a known regulator of p27Kip1 stability through transcriptional control of Skp2. Reducing O-GlcNAc levels in breast cancer cells decreased levels of FoxM1 protein and caused a decrease in multiple FoxM1-specific targets, including Skp2. Moreover, reducing O-GlcNAcation decreased cancer cell invasion and was associated with the downregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-2, a known FoxM1 target. Finally, pharmacological inhibition of OGT in breast cancer cells had similar anti-growth and anti-invasion effects. These findings identify O-GlcNAc as a novel mechanism through which alterations in glucose metabolism regulate cancer growth and invasion and suggest that OGT may represent novel therapeutic targets for breast cancer.
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Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the Department of Defense, Breast Cancer Research Program Concept Award: BC086596 to MJR and Synergistic Idea Award: BC074374 to MJR and KV.
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Caldwell, S., Jackson, S., Shahriari, K. et al. Nutrient sensor O-GlcNAc transferase regulates breast cancer tumorigenesis through targeting of the oncogenic transcription factor FoxM1. Oncogene 29, 2831–2842 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/onc.2010.41
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/onc.2010.41
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